Journal of Hematology, ISSN 1927-1212 print, 1927-1220 online, Open Access
Article copyright, the authors; Journal compilation copyright, J Hematol and Elmer Press Inc
Journal website https://www.thejh.org

Original Article

Volume 10, Number 3, June 2021, pages 98-105


Does ABO Blood Groups Affect Outcomes in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients?

Tables

Table 1. Demographical and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients According to ABO Groups
 
ABABOP
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; IQR: interquartile range; BMI: body mass index; COPD: chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ESRD: end-stage renal disease; VTE: venous thromboembolism; ACEI: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor.
Total1,3013771331,752
Age, median (IQR)67 (54 - 77)67 (52 - 78)68 (53 - 77)66 (52 - 76)0.20
Male (%)53.852.854.950.30.23
Race (%)< 0.001
  White81.858.468.467.4
  Blacks518.615.08.3
  Hispanics10.813.59.020.5
  Asians/Pacific Islander1.15.82.21.3
  Not answered1.43.75.32.5
Rh positive89.589.488.791.20.33
BMI30.330.629.730.20.58
Comorbidities (%)
  Hypertension74.676.469.972.10.17
  Congestive heart failure33.239.533.835.10.15
  Diabetes mellitus48.749.145.145.00.17
  COPD38.538.932.337.70.54
  ESRD3.63.25.36.30.003
  Cirrhosis13.113.015.812.80.81
  Cancer14.612.212.013.80.58
  VTE8.17.711.35.20.002
Medications
  Anticoagulation14.113.515.012.90.73
  Aspirin17.916.718.116.80.86
  ACEI30.628.130.829.00.7
  Statins33.630.226.530.60.16
COVID-19 medications (%)
  Hydroxychloroquine3.34.55.34.30.42
  Tocilizumab6.69.36.07.80.28
  Steroids71.274.880.468.80.006
  Convalescent plasma37.935.543.6350.11
  Remdesivir60.961.563.255.10.003
  Anticoagulation0.08
  Standard54.853.153.454.3
  High33.633.439.931.6
4C score11 (7 - 14)11 (7 - 14)11 (7 - 13)11 (7 - 14)0.47

 

Table 2. Clinical Features of ICU Admissions in COVID-19 Patients According to ABO Groups
 
ABABOP
ICU: intensive care unit; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; IQR: interquartile range.
ICU transfers, n394122395890.23
Use of mechanical ventilation, n (%)193 (48.9)74 (60.8)22 (56.4)354 (60.1)0.005
  Length of mechanical ventilation (in days), median (IQR)7 (2 - 16)9.5 (2 - 20)10 (2 - 22)6 (2 - 16)0.59
  Paralytic use (%)35.231.122.735.90.56
  Inhaled vasodilator (%)13.59.5012.40.27
  Tracheostomy (%)14.520.336.414.40.03
Use of vasopressors (%)
  Required norepinephrine48.259.848.755.90.045
  Required vasopressin24.634.417.930.40.04
  Required epinephrine9.915.67.714.90.07
  Any vasopressor48.260.748.756.00.03

 

Table 3. Outcomes of Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients According to ABO Groups
 
ABABOP
COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; IQR: interquartile range; LOS: length of stay; ICH: intracerebral hemorrhage; SNF: skilled nursing facility; LTAC: long-term acute care; HAI: health care-associated infection.
Outcomes
  In-hospital mortality (%)17.520.411.320.10.03
  28-day mortality (%)16.418.69.618.80.04
  LOS in survivors (in days), median (IQR)5 (3 - 11)6 (4 - 12)6 (3 - 15)6 (3 - 11)0.09
  Time to death (in days), median (IQR)14 (7 - 24)14 (8.5 - 27.5)24 (8 - 39)14 (7 - 22)0.52
Disposition (%)0.20
  Home62.062.454.763.4
  Home with health20.920.022.219.5
  Rehab/SNF/LTAC/acute care1515.617.113.7
  Others2.12.063.5
Readmission16.417.317.816.30.95
Complications (%)
  Acute stroke2.34.05.32.70.11
  Acute ICH1.12.71.51.20.14
  Acute kidney injury18.219.918.821.90.09
  Acute kidney injury requiring hemodialysis3.12.61.54.50.19
  Acute VTE5.76.912.06.60.04
  Blood transfusion11.713.515.015.80.01
  HAI4.35.04.56.10.17

 

Table 4. Inflammatory Markers in COVID-19 Patients According to ABO Groups
 
Inflammatory markersaABABOP
aMedian (IQR), total samples. COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019; CRP: C-reactive protein; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase.
Initial ferritin436 (194 - 868)456 (223 - 954)544 (253 - 945)457 (209 - 987)0.13
Initial CRP8 (3 - 13)8 (4 - 14)8 (5 - 14)8 (4 - 14)0.36
Initial LDH318 (240 - 425)334 (261 - 471)352 (251 - 432)324 (244 - 441)0.15
Initial D-dimer0.9 (0.5 - 1.7)0.9 (0.5 - 1.8)0.8 (0.5 - 1.5)1 (0.6 - 1.9)0.09
Initial fibrinogen545 (431 - 682)559 (453 - 657)542 (414 - 704)543 (423 - 695)0.93
Highest ferritin551 (1,081 - 1,060)574 (273 - 1,182)696 (304 - 1,210)614 (267 - 1,260)0.04
Highest CRP9 (4 - 15)10 (5 - 16)10 (6 - 16)10 (5 - 16)0.39
Highest LDH346 (256 - 471)375 (277 - 521)370 (268 - 458)350 (263 - 504)0.09
Highest D-dimer1.2 (0.7 - 4)1.3 (0.7 - 4)1.2 (0.6 - 4)1.4 (0.8 - 4)0.06
Highest fibrinogen574 (459 - 721)599 (453 - 725)572 (440 - 738)574 (453 - 725)0.93

 

Table 5. Comparison Between Blood Groups With Regards to Rates of ICU Transfers, AKI, Acute VTE, Mechanical Ventilation, Use of Vasopressors, In-Hospital Mortality and Readmissions in COVID-19
 
BABO
A is the comparison group. The regression adjusts for age, gender, race, comorbidities, clinical characteristics, inflammatory markers, 4C score and COVID-19 medications including anticoagulation status. The model was bootstrapped 2,000 times with replacement. The values shown are odds ratio (95% confidence interval), P value. ICU: intensive care unit; AKI: acute kidney injury; VTE: venous thromboembolism; COVID-19: coronavirus disease 2019.
ICU transfer0.74 (0.49 - 1.09), 0.130.62 (0.33 - 1.17), 0.141.01 (0.79 - 1.28), 0.92
Acute kidney injury0.83 (0.56 - 1.24), 0.370.66 (0.35 - 1.25), 0.201.01 (0.78 - 1.29), 0.93
Acute VTE1.07 (0.63 - 1.78), 0.82.25 (1.18 - 4.29), 0.0141.05 (0.75 - 1.46), 0.76
Mechanical ventilation1.06 (0.59 - 1.90), 0.841.16 (0.48 - 2.79), 0.721.35 (0.92 - 1.99), 0.12
Pressor use1.28 (0.72 - 2.29), 0.390.58 (0.21 - 1.64), 0.310.82 (0.57 - 1.19), 0.31
In hospital mortality1.03 (0.66 - 1.59), 0.880.34 (0.12 - 0.96), 0.041.05 (0.79 - 1.39), 0.07
Readmission1.12 (0.78 - 1.58), 0.541.39 (0.81 - 2.39), 0.221.04 (0.83 - 1.31), 0.71